
How to Perform a Compression Test – Before we get into the compression test, are you familiar with compression in your dirt bike? Compression occurs in the engine. Engine compression is the process where an internal combustion engine acts like a pump, drawing in air and fuel and compressing them under pressure for ignition and combustion.
This compression is essential for proper engine performance; low compression can lead to incomplete burning of the fuel-air mixture, negatively impacting the engine’s ability to operate effectively. In summary, sufficient engine compression is vital for the optimal functioning of internal combustion engines.
With that said, it is also important to understand the importance of a compression test.
What is a Compression Test
A compression test is a check that measures the pressure inside an engine’s cylinder while it’s running, or it measures a lower pressure if the engine has a decompression system. This test helps evaluate the engine’s health and efficiency by assessing its compression abilities, helping to spot problems like worn piston rings or faulty valves. There are two types of tests you can perform:
1. Warm Engine Testing:
For the most accurate compression test, it’s recommended to do it after the engine has warmed up. Operating at the optimal temperature provides conditions closer to regular riding, with heat causing the piston, cylinder, and rings to expand and reflect their functionality. However, warming up the engine can be challenging due to the time and effort needed to access the spark plug by removing the seat and gas tank, requiring adequate space for spark plug removal and connecting the compression gauge.
2. Cold Engine Testing:
Alternatively, some prefer compression tests with a cold engine. While warm testing is conventionally suggested for accuracy, many find that cold tests also produce reliable results. The decision often depends on accessibility and convenience, as cold testing eliminates the need to warm up the engine and may be more practical for some, even if warm testing is considered theoretically ideal.
How to Perform a Compression Test: The Process for 2-Stroke Bikes
Just like there is a process for changing parts like grips and brake pads, there is a process for testing compression. For 2-stroke bikes are as follows:
- Take off the seat and gas tank (unless there’s enough room underneath).
- Remove the spark plug from the cylinder head.
- Install the compression tester with the right size/thread attachment.
- Fully open the throttle by twisting it all the way back.
- Quickly kick the kick-starter five times (only on a cold engine not run in the last 6 hours).
- Check the compression PSI number on the tester gauge.
How to Perform a Compression Test: The Process for 4-Stroke Bikes
A 4-stroke bike differs in many ways from a 2-stroke bike, and one of them is having a different compression test process:
- Check your bike’s manual for the recommended compression range.
- See if your bike has a compression relief system for kickstarting.
- Disable the relief system for accurate testing if the manual suggests it.
- Get tools: compression kit with fittings and a tester.
- Access the cylinder head by removing any obstructing parts.
- Use the compression kit: attach the adapter, finger-tighten the tester hose.
- Securely thread the compression tester into the spark plug hole.
- Kick-start the engine with the throttle open.
- Record compression test results with the spark plug removed.
- Compare results with the manual’s specified range to assess engine health.
- If the relief system was deactivated, reactivate it following the manual.
Leak Down Test for a 4-Stroke Bike
If your 4-stroke bike has low compression, use a Leak Down Test for a thorough diagnosis, especially if a compression test already showed low levels. While a compression test is a common and affordable way to check the engine, it might not catch issues like worn valve seats, pitting, carbon buildup, cracked valves, and loose or worn valve guides.
The Leak Down Test provides a more detailed evaluation, even though it doesn’t give numerical results like a compression test. If your 4-stroke bike needs the compression relief system deactivated, the Leak Down Test might be more suitable, though a bit more complex. Both tests offer valuable insights for riders to address potential issues and ensure optimal performance.
Best Compression Test Techniques
When testing your dirt bike’s compression, use the same brand of gauge each time for consistent results, as different brands may show variations due to calibration differences. Refer to your owner’s manual for specific compression value ranges based on your bike’s engine size (e.g., 120-240 PSI for 50cc to 500cc engines, and 170-240 PSI for 250cc).
Perform a compression test when you first get your bike, new or used, and note the PSI number for future comparisons. Keep a dedicated notebook for each bike with maintenance details, including compression values. Be aware that compression readings might differ at higher altitudes due to lower air density, so consider this when interpreting the results.
If you want to learn other maintenance tips, you can learn how to store your bike for winter and when to change the oil. Additionally, you can learn things like how to clean a dirt bike carburetor and tighten the spokes.